The Spinning Mule Invention by Samuel Crompton

The Spinning Mule Invention by Samuel Crompton A spinning mule is a device that is an essential part of the textile industry. Invented in the 18th century  by Samual Crompton, the innovative machine spun textile fibers into yarn using an intermittent process that transformed the way yarn was manufactured, making the process much faster, easier- and more profitable. The History of Spinning Fiber into Yarn In early civilizations, yarn was spun using simple handheld tools: the distaff, which held the raw fiber material (such as wool, hemp, or cotton) and the spindle, onto which the twisted fibers were wound. The spinning wheel, a Middle-Eastern invention whose origins can be traced back as far as the 11th century, was the first step toward the mechanization of the textile spinning industry. The technology is thought to have traveled from Iran to India and was eventually introduced to Europe. The first illustration of the device dates from about 1270. The addition of a foot pedal has been credited to a workman from the town of Brunswick, located in the Saxony region of Germany in the year 1533. This allowed a spinner to power the wheel with one foot, leaving the hands free for spinning. Another 16th-century improvement was the flyer, which twisted the yarn as it was being spun, speeding up the process considerably. Europeans, however, were not the only ones to come up with innovations for spinning textiles. Water-powered spinning wheels were common in China as early as the 14th century. Samuel Crompton Puts a New Spin on Spinning Samuel Crompton was born in 1753 in Lancashire, England. After his father passed away, he helped support his family by spinning yarn. Soon enough, Crompton became all too familiar with the limitations of the industrial textile technology currently in use. He began to think of ways he could improve the process to make it faster and more efficient.  Crompton supported his research and development working as a violinist at the Bolton Theatre for pennies a show, plowing all of his wages into his realizing his invention. In 1779, Crompton was rewarded with an invention he called the spinning mule. The machine combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of a water frame. The name mule was derived from the fact that like a mule- which is a cross between a horse and a donkey- his invention was also a hybrid. In the operation of a spinning mule, during the draw stroke, the roving (a long, narrow bunch of carded fibers) is pulled through and twisted; on the return, it is wrapped onto the spindle. Once perfected, the spinning mule gave the spinner great control over the weaving process, and many different types of yarn could be produced. In 1813, the mule was upgraded with the addition of a variable speed control invented by William Horrocks. The mule was a game changer for the textile industry: It could spin thread of much finer gauge, better quality, and at a higher volume than thread spun by hand- and the better the  thread, the higher the profit in the marketplace. The fine threads spun on the mule sold for at least three times the price of coarser threads. In addition, the mule could hold multiple spindles, which greatly increased output. Patent Troubles Many 18th-century inventors encountered difficulty over their patents and Crompton was no exception. In the more than five years it took Compton to invent and perfect his spinning mule, he failed to obtain a patent.  Seizing on the opportunity, famed industrialist Richard Arkwright  took out his own patent on the spinning mule, even though he hadnt had anything to do with its creation.   Crompton filed a complaint regarding his patent claim with the British Commons Committee in 1812. The committee concluded that the method of reward to an inventor, as generally accepted in the eighteenth century, was that the machine, etc., should be made public and that a subscription should be raised by those interested, as a reward to the inventor. Such a philosophy may have been practical in the days when inventions required little  capital  to develop, however, it was decidedly inadequate once the industrial  revolution got underway and investment capital became crucial to the development and production of any substantial technical improvement. Unfortunately for Crompton, British law lagged far behind the new paradigm of industrial progress.   Crompton was eventually able to prove the financial harm hed suffered by gathering evidence of all the factories that relied on his invention- more than four million spinning mules were in use at the time- for which hed received no compensation. Parliament agreed to a settlement of  £5,000 pounds. Crompton attempted to go into business with the funds he was finally awarded but his efforts were unsuccessful. He died in 1827.

Essay Proofreading- Make your Words Wonderful!

Essay Proofreading- Make your Words Wonderful! Essay Proofreading- Make your Words Wonderful! Many of us dread the idea of having an essay assigned. As the teacher or professor explains why the assignment is important and how your thesis statement should be constructed, thoughts often turn to the length of the essay and how long it will take to meet the minimum word count. After that, some students start thinking of ways to stretch the essay: Maybe extra line spaces between paragraphs will help. Which font is the largest? How many lines should the heading be? Once the writing begins and the pages are filled, these writers exhale and forget about the assignment. However, to earn a high grade on that essay you’ll need master proofreading. Here are some tips to help that happen! 1. Take a break If you don’t leave a paper until the last minute, set aside your writing and give the assignment time to decompress in your mind. Depending upon the deadline, a couple days will be fine. Proofreading the paper immediately after drafting it will cause the brain to incorrectly fix mistakes in the paper. Time is needed to allow your brain to forget the intended product and focus on what is actually on the page. 2. Focus on one issue before moving on to the next Break up proofreading into several passes. On the first pass, look to make sure words arent repeated excessively. On the next pass, make sure your sentences dont all start the same way. The third pass is for fixing any spelling errors. Attempts to fix all of the problems at once will only lead to overlooking mistakes and missing important corrections. 3. Pay attention to hard facts and proper nouns Ensure that all of your references have been cited properly and that information from sources hasnt been misinterpreted. Placing false information into a graded paper is a recipe for poor performance. Make sure names are spelled correctly and properly capitalized. Sloppy work is always a disappointment. 4. Read a printed version before turning it in! The computer screen can be deceptive. People are used to scanning websites quickly on a computer screen instead of reading slowly for comprehension (like we do with textbooks). Having a printed copy in hand allows you to mark it up with a pen or highlighter. This makes it easier to see and correct the mistakes and guarantee you dont miss anything. 5. Call the professionals! When in doubt, call in people who edit and proofread essays for a living. Your ideas are will be presented in the best version possible and communicated effectively. At we would be thrilled to offer our services.

Companies Monitoring Employees Computer Usage Essay

Companies Monitoring Employees Computer Usage - Essay Example ncidences of employees misusing company time surfing the internet, action plans have been introduced in many organizations to help identify employees involved in such activities. For instance, some sniffers on computer usage can show all the key strokes a person has made on a company computer. This can act as the basis for firing employees found to have a habit of misusing company time surfing the internet. Other than reasons pertaining to productivity, there are also other reasons why organizations monitor and control internet usage. A good example includes legal liabilities that may arise due to misuse of technology (Anandarajan and Simmers 144). For instance, an employee may use the company internet to download and distribute pornographic materials. If such materials falls into the wrong hands, the company could be sued for casualness. Sending pornographic materials to colleagues in the workplace could also be considered sexual molestation and the company could also be liable if necessary steps are not taken to address the problem (Anandarajan and Simmers 144). In a nutshell, monitoring and controlling internet usage in the workplace increase productivity and minimizes the likelihood of paying for legal

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Epic of Gilgamesh - Essay Example Gilgamesh basically describes the reason as to how and why Gilgamesh was thought of as a role model for the coming classic poems of the time. It has brought to the notice the beauty tangents and the power of the relationship that Gilgamesh and Enkidu had between them. Within the Epic of Gilgamesh, the bond which was demonstrated between Gilgamesh and Enkidu is distinctive in its own right. The reason for this is that the two an adversarial relationship with one another. Being a fable of love and that too in its truest form, Gilgamesh is an epic without a shadow of a doubt. It has involved lingering grief which has caused pivotal changes to take place within his character. Gilgamesh is a story of a person who is both respected as well as feared at the same time. He loves and shows hatred; he is one person who lives life to the maximum possible levels. Even though Gilgamesh’s voyage is larger than life, yet somehow or the other it ends up with death. The fate of mankind is expos ed through Gilgamesh and thus the undeniable factor of change gets its manifestation as well. Gilgamesh exhibited true power before the arrival of Enkidu (Kovacs 1989). There was no other human being who had equal match when it came to Gilgamesh himself. He showed his personal liking to glory and power and the best part was that he boasted with regards to the very same. He abused power in addition to showing off his attitude (and arrogance). The city of Uruk went into a state of injustice and people were ferocious all round. However Gilgamesh did not mend his ways and continue to display his wrath and power to all and sundry. It was after the death of Enkidu that Gilgamesh tried his levels best to explore the ways to reach immortality as he attempted to cross the ocean. He wanted to find the same in a pretty dire fashion. He did his best to carve out a life which had immortality written all over it. He continued with his expedition in an out and out fashion. His state of being like this was in essence entirely different from the arrogance that he showed at the starting of the epic itself. Thus he transformed into a scary person more than anything else. Also the slain of Humbaba changed Gilgamesh in entirety (Foster 2005). Since Humbaba was considered evil right from the onset, a number of people who were residents of Uruk started to fear Gilgamesh. Some people would reckon that Gilgamesh himself is a representation of evil but then again there could be debates in the wake of such a proposition. The fact that he used to have sex with the virgins, going about doing things on his and offending the gods at his own free will is a manifestation of what his personality was in essence. Gilgamesh was able to pen his name as a successful hero. However the price he had to pay for it is something totally different. Much could be written about the very same.  The amount of loss and suffering which was eventually put down on the part of the people, perhaps he could have m ade an effort to turn things around and do something different. As a matter of fact, Gilgamesh and his brother were able to achieve what the rest of the people could not even think of in those times. Gilgamesh and Enkidu were able to capture the world under their feet but the untimely death of Enkidu changed everything. Gilgamesh started to understand that he was just a human

Assignment 2 †Why Teaching Essay Example for Free

Assignment 2 – Why Teaching Essay It is important not only for you, but for your Field Supervisor and me, to know what led you to enter the teaching profession. For this assignment you are to write a 300-500 word essay on Why I Elected to Travel the Road to Teaching. ***The first part of your paper will explain your life experiences which led you to pursue a career in teaching. ***The second part of your paper will name/identify the 3 main keys to success as identified in Keys to Success for New Teachers. ***The third part of this paper will explain how the knowledge of these keys can help you be a successful teacher? (You will probably need to review these keys found in the course material. ) Formal writing is required. Your paper must incorporate correct sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization and grammar. EDTC 5100 – Assignment 2 Name: Cameron Guidry Last 4 digits of SSN#: 2381 1. Why I Elected to Travel the Road to Teaching My road to becoming a teacher is perhaps less romantic than some would like. I didn’t enjoy school when I was younger and felt no inclination to be a teacher. I did, however, find a passion for learning and writing when I was earning my undergraduate degree at The University of Kansas. Meeting instructors who were excited about their subjects got me excited too, and eventually I was getting excited all on my own. The experience was entirely foreign to me. I was reading just to read and writing without being told. I had spent my four years of high school counting the hours until it was time to leave, and it was the realization that this didn’t have to be the high school experience that pushed me toward teaching as a career. I still have a passion for the subject, and I am currently earning a PhD in English, an endeavor that is entirely fueled by my own passion. It is my hope, and experience up to this point, that I can inject that enthusiasm into my classroom. I spent two years teaching at the university level, and found success. It was as I had imagined; I had students who entered my room uninterested and left my room well equipped readers. The issue I saw was that I would only have the opportunity to interact with those fortunate few that made it to my college classroom, and it was my desire to offer what I could to a more diverse group, perhaps illuminating a possibility that wouldn’t be clear without my presence. I don’t expect to create a graduating class of English majors, but I do believe that I can provide the role model that my students can benefit from. I feel an obligation, one that I created myself, to educate. It’s not an obligation I fulfill begrudgingly; it is one that I happily attempt to answer and is my road to teaching. 2. Name the Three Keys They are be reasonable, organize your life, and reflect. 3. Tell how the keys can help you to be a successful teacher? These three keys are helpful for life in general, but as a teacher I am finding myself constantly on my back foot while answering questions and asking someone to take their seat. It can be overwhelming, but by finding my center outside of the classroom, and achieving some understanding before the bell rings, attempting to control the chaos becomes a managable thing. Additional Comments:

cars :: essays research papers

It's been all too long since a new American sedan created anything more than an apathetic yawn from consumers. Between relentless Japanese competition and America's seemingly endless obsession with trucks and SUVs, the idea that a domestic four-door could be the "it" car of the year seemed laughable. Then along came Chrysler's new 300 sedan, a car so unabashedly nontraditional in both its style and its substance that it makes the competition look hopelessly bland in comparison. Chrysler veered from the usual route of designing a car that would appeal to the broadest swath of the general public and instead went for a look that's original at best and polarizing at worst. Like it or not, there's no denying that it has a presence on the road that no Camry or Taurus could ever hope to duplicate. Backing up its sinister looks is the performance of a rear-wheel-drive chassis and a suspension design shared with some of its more expensive Mercedes cousins. And not only does the outrageous exterior look good, it surrounds a cavernous, well-trimmed interior that's as spacious as any sedan on the road. Built to straddle the lines between upscale family car and entry-level luxury sport sedan, the 300 offers both a base V6 (190 horsepower) and a midlevel V6 (250 hp), depending on your budget. As surprisingly adept as these V6s are at getting the big sedan up to speed, it's the top-of-the-line Hemi-engined 300C that gives the car its star power. With 340 horses running through a five-speed automatic transmission, the 300C is in a class of its own. And if that's not enough, you can always step up to the high-performance SRT-8 version that packs a 425-hp Hemi under the hood along with larger wheels and a lowered stance. Chrysler took a chance when it decided on such a radical design for the 300 and the results speak for themselves.

Influential People

There are a couple of people in my life today I could relate as having an influence on my life. My Grandparents, my mother and certain friends I have known a while and only seen now that some attributes I have, are because of them. Most times we as people try to think we have built ourselves up in a certain way without realizing that we are a certain way or choose not to do certain things because the people in our lives have had an influence on us. It has taken me twenty years to appreciate what an amazing influence my mother has been on my life. I didn’t know my mother well until I was 15 years old. She left when I was five to pursue her bachelor’s degree and masters in pharmacy in Bulgaria. She would come eventually for holidays when she could but all her visits seem very vague to me. Her being away for such a long time had in some way caused the divorce to happen between her and my father. I could tell it was a very hard time for her but gradually she began to support herself and got back on her feet. My mother has had an incredible influence on making me the person that I am today. Because of her, I am very hard working, I stay motivated and determined and I am a go getter. My mother showed me her enthusiasm through her hard work. I was ten years old when my I made my first decision about what I wanted to study in college. I had looked forward to going to study law and become an attorney. Slowly, that image started to fade out. By the time I was a teenager, I realized just how much I wanted to work hard and become a lawyer. I began to notice the hard work my mother put into her job and how enthusiastic she was. She had such a strong work ethic and kept going no matter what came her way. My mother is a pharmacist and has five jobs. I do not know where she gets the energy from but she manages being a pharmacist, teaching part-time pharmacy classes, sitting on the Board of Directors for the Ministry of Health, working part time in a private hospital and working part time in a pharmacy. I vividly remember listening to one of my mother’s conversations especially so because I never wanted to listen to what she had to say to I most time. She told me how she felt suppressed in her marriage before her divorce. She began to realize the only way to make it and reach the top is to work hard in school and at the workplace and be the best you can be. She has clearly demonstrated this to me over the past couple of years and because of that I continue to work hard not only in school but at work as well. I can now definitely notice how people appreciate my good work ethics and instructors tell me how I wrote a good essay for instance or commend me on my work in class. And all this is attributed to my mother and how hard working she is. I treasure the various worlds my mother has opened to me because she has time and time again shown me how to stay motivated. I remember when she returned from Europe and she and my father explained how they would no longer be together. That crushed my world but more than anything I know how it crushed my mother. However, despite all that, she continued to strive and stay motivated and she has achieved so much more now because of that. My life has been equally transformed by what she has shown me. When it comes to be being motivated, I am forever grateful to my mum because I learned how to keep trying even when I failed. I now know I can achieve what I hope to be if I stay motivated and optimistic in life. There is a famous saying that life is short, I believe life is what you make out of it and staying motivated does add value to accomplishing great things. I still find it fascinating how my mother can get what she wants because she always determined. She influenced me to know that if I am motivated and determined, I can achieve what I set my goals to be in life. Now I realize the importance of being focused in life, being humble and respectful and taking every opportunity I can because it could lead to something great. She says having a good family and home is a privilege but placing me in line to achieve great things is having the mind of a go-getter. In conclusion, I know many of the attributes, attitudes and skills are largely influenced by my mother. She has shown me how to be a hard worker because it really does pay off in the long run. She also had shown me that being determined and motivated can take me to faraway places than I could ever imagine and that having the mind of a Go-getter allows me to push myself and will benefit me with time to come.

Apple Customer Based Analysis Essay

Apple’s brand name has a very highly valued name in society. As an American, it is common for people of all ages and demographics to be a customer of Apple. It is prestigious yet also almost considered the normal in today’s society to have an Apple iPhone, Apple iPad, Apple iPod, or Apple Macbook. Society values Apple as having a high quality product that consumers can rely on but this also comes at a price. Most customers of Apple are just below the baby boomer generation with users as young as toddlers. Some parents may allow their toddler’s to use applications on their Ipads for their toddlers to learn and play games. Other demographics include all different races and both males and females. Apple prides themselves with easy to user consumer friendly technological products that people of all ages can use. Normally electronic products are focused towards the males however the Apple products have a significant female customer base as well. Apple products are normally sold in high income countries due to the high cost of the products. Apple products are not necessity products by any means and therefore apple customers have discretionary income to buy luxury goods such as the products that Apple offers. However, a music and video system such as Itunes may be more affordable for some consumers that use computers, phones, and tablets from other companies yet they can still download media from the Apple Itunes company. Middle class families in the U.S. can own Apple products but it may be a luxury item that the household saves for. Apple, as a technology based company naturally attracts customers that are looking for high quality up to date products that fit in with society yet are customizable and satisfy all of their customers’ needs. Apple’s Itune’s has legal rights to protect their media through patents and other legal rights that protect their electronic products. There is a current lawsuit between Samsung and Apple in which Apple claims that â€Å"the Galaxy S4, Samsung’s flagship smartphone violates five of its patents† (Zeman 2013). Therefore, this shows that Apple takes their patent and products very seriously and will follow up with a lawsuit if any of their competitors take any of their legal rights. Apple collaborates with many different companies in order to optimize their services and products including Microsoft. An Apple employee noted that â€Å"the company will now be organized by function- marketing, legal, business development etc.—with more collaboration across divisions† regarding Microsoft (Shaer, 2013). Apple also works with companies regarding the development of applications for their Iphone and Ipad products. There are many competitors of Apple such as manufacturers of PCs, tablets, cell phones, computer monitors, TVs, and many other types of electronics. These companies may consider Apple their largest competition but the one disadvantage that Apple has over other products is their higher price for their premium products. Due to the amount of competition it is very important that Apple continues update their products and marketing in order to remain in the market. Apple products can be purchased directly through Apple through the telephone, internet, or in anyone of their own Apple retail stores that are commonly found in shopping malls. The most popular products are also found in department stores, electronic stores, and even certain Apple vending machines. Due to all of the supplier locations, Apple has made it easy and convenient for their customers to access their products, services, and assistance. Stakeholders of the company include the employees, stockholders, and customers. If there is any major change or re-organization of the company the employees will be impacted and this may potential affect the stock prices which will affect the stockholders whom are essentially the owners of the company. The Apple stock at the time this paper is being written is at $502.36 a share which is very high and this truly shows that value that shareholders have for this company. The customers are stakeholders in the company because all of the managerial decisions will trickle down to the product and price. As of January 2013, there were executive changes at Apple that created drama for people in the tech press field. â€Å"The man responsible for much of Apple’s hardware design since 1996, Jonathan Ive is now in charge of design of both software and hardware† stated Dan Moren, 2013. The late Steve Jobs was Apple’s chief executive officer that had a major influence on the startup of the company and the success of the company. This became the molding for the company’s culture today which has been influencing our pop culture for more than a decade. The company continues their innovation and delivers their premium products and assistance to their customers regardless of the organizational changes that have been taking place within the company. References: Zeman, E. (2013). Apple adds samsung’s galaxy S4 to lawsuit. Informationweek – Online, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/1353775900?accountid=6579 Shaer, M. (2013, Jul 11). With ‘one microsoft,’ CEO ballmer sees sweeping reorganization of microsoft ranks. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/1399442335?accountid=6579 Moren, D. (2013, 01). Changes at the top. Macworld, 30, 5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/1270547861?accountid=6579

Music essays

Music essays How do we understand the language of music? Music is not a language to be learned. Rather it is an emotion that must be felt with the soul. Music in all its forms is heard differently by each and every person based on experience, emotion and fantasy. No matter what culture you belong to, every human hears music differently and interprets it that way. Although it is impossible to translate music as we would words, that does not give the emotion any less meaning or relevance. Sometimes it is the music of life that can shape where we will go, how we will express ourselves, what we will feel and how we will relate to the rest of the world. I venture to say, music in the rhythm and emotion of life, without it thered just be words. Every human, whether Caucasian, Native, African, Norwegian or Korean, blind, illiterate, or short, is capable of understanding music. Not only are they capable of creating music in the form of their choice, they are also able to interpret it according to their own emotion. Music is a necessity in our lives and without it, thered be no meaning. Even infants respond to music. From a fetus within the mothers womb, they recognize the beauty in a tune. It would be odd in a case to care for toddlers and not find them commonly humming a song to themselves. Not only do they mimic tunes but they also create their own medleys in their minds and freely express their emotion. You would find toddlers of every culture doing the same thing. You would, however, find that say Chinese toddlers would likely be humming tunes more closely linked to their own societys music being quick, short intervals of tunes. African children would likely be caught singing an up beat tune rather than a Jamaic an child singing somewhat of a Caribbean tune in a syncopated ballad form. Hearing the music is another varied situation. As well as listening to music with our ears, we also hear it with our ...

When DIY Bites You in the Butt

When DIY Bites You in the Butt We are an industrious lot. We want to know how someone did what he did successfully, so we can do it, too . . . or do it better. Or do it ourselves instead of buying the other guys product. Or do it ourselves to save money . . . or to maintain creativity as our own instead of splitting its ownership. Its called DIY, or do-it-yourself, and we cant stand not to try doing it ourselves if it means more benefits for us. I love to bake. I hate recipes that have boxed mixes or tell me to save time As writers, we fight that battle uphill to publish a book. How hard can it be to format that manuscript in Word? How difficult can a cover be? Surely I can learn how to upload books. We read directions, study what others have done, then grit our teeth, determined to do it ourselves. Then invariably, after weve erred, redone and cursed our mistakes, we reach a point where we ask ourselves and our friends: It doesnt look bad for me doing it myself, does it? And right there youve compromised your storys future. Youve cobbled together what others do for a living. Youve decided to settle for less than professional. You think others wont notice, because they havent learned what youve learned, and tried what youve tried. When youve poured your soul into writing, you need to equally pour your soul into its proper publication. You have two choices when doing anything in life: 1) Take the time to become an expert at it, or 2) Hire the expert. Just know that anything in between is settling. When it comes to baking a cake, Ill settle for my Milky Way Cake from scratch. Its meant to be rustic, gooey and not exactly straight around the edges. But when I need a cake for someones 50th anniversary, believe me, Im hiring someone wholl give me the presentation needed to respect the grand auspiciousness of the occasion.

BRIEF RESPONSES TO CLASSMATES POSTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BRIEF RESPONSES TO CLASSMATES POSTS - Essay Example Unlike litigation, arbitration allows parties to agree on who would hear the case. In formal litigation, the court assigns the case to the next available adjudicator. In civil courts, the issues become a matter of public interest whereas, in arbitration/mediation, cases remain confidential. Uncertainty of litigation processes increases once the case is appealed in higher courts. In contrast, arbitration leaves fewer chances for appeal. As Dimino specified, this happens as negotiation takes place ‘without having a forced agreement’. As everyone knows, an arbitral tribunal is not bound by the regulations of civil procedures, and hence, the parties can, by their mutual agreement, vary the terms of arbitrators’ authority, fire the arbitrators, and fix the procedure if they want.   In other words, the total mechanism of arbitration is more convenient and less stressful to the parties. At this juncture it is reasonable to point out some of the disadvantages of choosin g arbitration as settlement option. Among them, lack of transiency is often pointed out by critics as the major drawback. In case the arbitration becomes biased due to the so called confidentiality, the situation can become worse as courts are less likely to review the arbitration decisions anymore. Evidently, as many of the posts here indicate, arbitration has several advantages over formal dispute resolution methods. However, an important thing to remember is that the feasibility and popularity of arbitration does not reduce the significance of litigation. Instead, arbitration is only a limb of civil system that can reduce the burden of formal courts and thus facilitate easy access to justice. Like others, Barcena also has emphasized the higher cost that can incur during litigation. Although this claim has been true so far, recent studies indicate a considerable rise in arbitration cost also, sometimes that exceeded the cost of formal litigation processes. For instance, Public Cit izen, a consumer watchdog group conducted a study which identified that â€Å"the cost of initiating an arbitration is significantly higher than the cost of filing a lawsuit: $6,650 to $11,625 to initiate a claim to arbitrate a consumer claim worth $80,000 versus $221 to file that action in a particular county court† (as cited in Nolo). Admittedly, the other view regarding the parties’ perceptions on winning the case in court reflects right observation. As the litigation processes become more extensive and complex, the scope for mediation normally increases. Jimenez’s choices of dispute resolution clause are ‘bargaining and mediation’ as they are found ‘cost-effective’. However, it seems applicable only to certain situations like in a dispute between employer and employee on salary or promotion. As Yolauri Barcena opines, â€Å"mediation could be a good possibility for non-critical disputes within co-workers†. However, there are some essential negotiation skills that managers require for aligning their workforce to achieve the organizational goals in a viable manner. Every sphere of human life is vulnerable to conflict and therefore requires ceaseless haggle and negotiation. When it is in business affairs, the negotiation process goes rather formal, and it demands outstanding skills from an individual to win the bargain. However, the parties involved must be aware of the fact that they bargain not to win but to resolve an issue. This